1. c. 5000 BCE Farming villages along the Nile
2. c. 4000 BCE Naqada culture emerges
3. ★ c. 3300 BCE The first hieroglyphs
4. ★ c. 3100 BCE Upper and Lower Egypt unified
5. c. 3000 BCE Memphis founded
6. c. 2800 BCE The nilometer and the calendar
7. ★ c. 2670 BCE Djoser's Step Pyramid
8. c. 2600 BCE Sneferu's pyramids at Dahshur
9. ★ c. 2560 BCE The Great Pyramid at Giza
10. ★ c. 2500 BCE The Great Sphinx carved
11. c. 2350 BCE The Pyramid Texts inscribed
12. c. 2250 BCE Provincial governors grow powerful
13. ★ c. 2181 BCE The Old Kingdom collapses
14. c. 2100 BCE Thebes rises against Herakleopolis
15. ★ c. 2055 BCE Mentuhotep II reunifies Egypt
16. c. 1950 BCE Fortresses in Nubia
17. c. 1900 BCE The Fayum irrigated
18. c. 1850 BCE The Tale of Sinuhe
19. ★ c. 1650 BCE The Hyksos take the delta
20. ★ c. 1550 BCE Ahmose expels the Hyksos
21. ★ c. 1479 BCE Hatshepsut takes the throne
22. ★ c. 1457 BCE Thutmose III wins at Megiddo
23. ★ c. 1353 BCE Akhenaten's religious revolution
24. ★ c. 1332 BCE Tutankhamun restores the old gods
25. ★ c. 1274 BCE The Battle of Kadesh
26. ★ c. 1259 BCE The first recorded peace treaty
27. ★ c. 1250 BCE Abu Simbel cut from the cliff
28. c. 1157 BCE The first recorded strike
29. c. 1155 BCE The harem conspiracy against Ramesses III
30. c. 1069 BCE Egypt splits again
31. c. 945 BCE Libyan dynasties take the throne
32. ★ c. 747 BCE The Kushite pharaohs
33. 671 BCE The Assyrians sack Memphis
34. 664 BCE The Saite revival
35. c. 600 BCE Necho's canal and the circumnavigation of Africa
36. ★ 525 BCE Persian conquest
37. c. 450 BCE Herodotus visits Egypt
38. 404 BCE Independence regained briefly
39. ★ 332 BCE Alexander takes Egypt
40. ★ 331 BCE Alexandria founded
41. 305 BCE Ptolemy I declares himself king
42. ★ c. 280 BCE The Library and the Pharos
43. c. 240 BCE Eratosthenes measures the earth
44. ★ 196 BCE The Rosetta Stone carved
45. 48 BCE Pompey killed, Caesar arrives
46. ★ 31 BCE Actium
47. ★ 30 BCE Egypt becomes a Roman province
48. c. 42 CE Christianity reaches Alexandria
49. c. 270 Antony withdraws to the desert
50. 391 Pagan temples closed
51. 451 The Council of Chalcedon splits the church
52. 619 Persian occupation
53. ★ 641 The Arab conquest
54. c. 700 Arabic becomes the language of government
55. 868 The Tulunids rule independently
56. ★ 969 The Fatimids conquer Egypt and found Cairo
57. ★ 972 Al-Azhar founded
58. 1009 Al-Hakim destroys the Holy Sepulchre
59. ★ 1171 Saladin ends the Fatimid caliphate
60. 1187 Jerusalem retaken at Hattin
61. ★ 1250 The Mamluks seize power
62. 1260 The Mongols stopped at Ain Jalut
63. ★ 1347 The Black Death
64. 1382 The Circassian Mamluks
65. 1498 The sea route to India opens
66. ★ 1517 The Ottoman conquest
67. c. 1600 The Mamluk beys reassert themselves
68. 1760 Ali Bey al-Kabir's near-independence
69. c. 1785 Plague, famine and misrule
70. ★ 1798 Napoleon invades Egypt
71. August 1798 Nelson destroys the French fleet
72. ★ 1799 The Rosetta Stone found
73. ★ 1805 Muhammad Ali takes power
74. 1811 The massacre of the Mamluks
75. 1820 Long-staple cotton introduced
76. 1831 Egyptian armies invade Syria
77. 1854 The first railway in Africa
78. ★ 1869 The Suez Canal opens
79. 1875 Britain buys the canal shares
80. 1879 Ismail deposed
81. 1881 The Urabi revolt
82. ★ 1882 British invasion at Tel el-Kebir
83. 1883 Cromer's veiled protectorate
84. 1898 Reconquest of Sudan
85. 1902 The first Aswan Dam
86. 1906 The Denshawai incident
87. 1914 Egypt declared a protectorate
88. ★ 1919 The 1919 Revolution
89. ★ 1922 Nominal independence
90. ★ November 1922 Tutankhamun's tomb opened
91. 1928 The Muslim Brotherhood founded
92. 1936 The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
93. ★ July 1942 El Alamein
94. 1948 Defeat in Palestine
95. January 1952 Cairo burns
96. ★ July 1952 The Free Officers coup
97. 1954 Nasser takes control
98. ★ 1956 The Suez Crisis
99. 1958 The United Arab Republic
100. 1961 Sweeping nationalisations
101. ★ June 1967 The Six-Day War
102. ★ 1970 The High Dam completed
103. ★ October 1973 The October War
104. 1974 Infitah: the economy opened
105. 1977 The bread riots
106. ★ 1979 Peace with Israel
107. ★ 1981 Sadat assassinated
108. 1997 The Luxor massacre
109. ★ January 2011 The revolution and Tahrir Square
110. 2012 Morsi elected
111. ★ July 2013 The military removes Morsi
112. 2015 The canal expanded
113. 2016 The pound floated
114. 2023 The New Administrative Capital opens for business
115. 2024 Red Sea attacks cut canal traffic